Jim’s Training Needs Analysis Essay

Presentation For this situation study the preparation needs examination is deficient in work obligations and duties that make a risky domain. The preparation program isn't reliable or is it practical in the experimentation technique in escavator strategies. Jim needs the association to make a preparation objective in KSAs. The board needs to survey the work environment strategies in safe practices, guidelines and work conditions that meet the objectives and goals of the association. Possible Cost to Lack of Training This technique in experimentation for a day to check an employee’s aptitudes can mean they are progressing nicely, however improvement is required in their advancement to decide their KSAs. Jim is versatile to evolving circumstances, yet genuinely doesn't have the foggiest idea about the escavator hardware, security safety measures, or the working strategies of burrowing a gap. This kind of preparing doesn't adjust in savvy gauges, the chief ought to watch and tutor Jim in his situation as an escavator administrator and collaboration is fundamental to take care of business. There is no exchange of preparing to the errand. It shows up the association is little and needs assets to prepare their representatives in new aptitudes. There was no improvement period of detailing an instructional methodology (Blanchard and Thacker, 2013). The association needed great administrations, and kept on developing and Jim’s work fulfillment to an enormous degree is reliant on contributio n from other colleagues. The team boss and Bill Granger, offered sound guidance, principles of execution and rules by giving legitimate directions in working the escavator. In any case, Jim’s work quality was inadequate in separating waterlines or burrowing underground phone lines. As indicated by Blanchard and Thackerâ (2013, p. 151) table 5-4 would have been less expensive in a preparation program, at that point continually paying for the harm Jim forced upon the organization. It was as though there were no principles to work by, and Jim didn't have an away from of proper conduct. Furthermore, his team individuals were disturbed in Jim’s working procedures and they strived to take care of business securely and viably. This kind of non-preparing is inconvenient to the association, and can make a threatening workplace with people requiring appropriate abilities. Jim is performing wastefully and does not have the application to play out the activity acceptably. Suggested Methods and Training for the Organization The representative determination process begins with the set of working responsibilities. The worker utilized is met and other relevant testing for the position. This will incorporate the pre and post-test technique in screening the candidate as per the associations approaches and state, government guidelines. Furthermore, consider a multi day trial period. This would assist the association with determining if Jim’s execution, demeanor, participation measures to the organization’s guidelines. The business partners need to realize that the workers and preparing matches the experience, benchmarks and execution measurements (Saunderson, 2012). As indicated by Saunderson (2012) the preparation should be straightforward, tackle issues, how to work hardware and hand-off data and not give excess abilities. As indicated by Blanchard and Thacker (2013, p. 155) table 5-6 action words is moving the preparation: Knowledge to break down, refer to clarify and repeat errands. Aptitudes to gather, work introduce and illustrate. Perspectives line up with the association in duty. Jim was inadequate in these abilities as the administrator of the escavator and the group boss and colleagues acknowledged he was not set up for this position. Hence, the TNAs would be savvy for the association. This implies a mix of study hall and hands on preparing. The working environment preparing is to join the most recent authoritative arrangements, methodology and state, government rules. What's more, the preparation would be custom-made to confirmations, preparing materials, safe work conditions and prepared referenceâ materials for the pretest/post-test last, most important test. Workforce preparing and arranging patterns today need to meet these goals (Planning for individuals, 2012, Dec 29): Address expertise holes. Enlistment process, direction, worker training, coaching and improvement are explicit and have remuneration activities. Characterize objectives as far as human asset measurements, courses of events and measure what is cultivated. Guarantee senior administration support. Include the executives in administering the advancement of the workforce plan and it is connected to the corporate methodology. Guarantee workers are refreshed/prepared in new strategies/strategy and are executed adequately. This would make an organization’s progression plan towards the key bearing. What's more, the association usage, upkeep and execution measurements. The Trainer and Training Environment The coach and preparing condition will be inside the working environment. This will kill any worries that this preparation won't work at this plant, the manager for the most part settles on those choices and will better exchange the preparation to their particular employment Blanchard and Thacker (2013, p. 285). In a private company this is financially savvy and the improvement stage info, procedure and yield characterize the associations target objectives. In the preparation and improvement procedure of hardware it will be done off-site to decide abilities, security rehearses and the real physical activity of open air apparatus. All through this usage stage, the physical condition must be continually checked. This guarantees learning has happened. The learning procedure will be generalizability in occupations relatedness and practice aptitudes to the real employment Blanchard and Thacker (2013, p. 294). The essential worries in a preparation program is the learning sway, cost, time plan without lessening efficiency in the work environment condition. Subsequently, the preparation program will be dispersed ahead of time all through all degrees of the association. This will permit the board, senior executive’s included adequate opportunity to orchestrate employee’s plans. This will be accomplished with the goal that work task can be sufficiently secured during the individual’s nonappearance. The preparation will be assessed and estimated by the abilities learnedâ and moved to the activity. As indicated by Blanchard and Thacker (2013, p. 318) giving criticism to the coach, can be utilized to change the program and procedure to encourage the preparation achievement. End The case situation with Jim, really showed that experimentation strategy isn't financially savvy as a preparation and advancement program would be in an association. What's more, when people are lacking in work aptitudes it can make a threatening domain, lower assurance and not energize collaboration. In the above models the best mentor would be inside the work environment to lessen any obstructions to the preparation techniques. Also off-site preparing for open air apparatus would be compelling in safe work conditions and real activity of gear. Jim needs the association to make a preparation objective in KSAs. The executives needs to survey the work environment strategies in safe practices, guidelines and work conditions that meet the objectives and goals of the association. References Blanchard, P.N. and Thacker, J. W. (2013). Viable Training: Systems, Strategies, and Practices (fifth ed). Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall. Anticipating individuals. (2012, Dec 29). Winnipeg Free Press Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1265594428?accountid=32521 Saunderson, R. (2012). Straightforwardness in preparing. Preparing, 49(1), 134-135. Recovered from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1020618237?accountid=32521

What are the main areas of risk facing a medium-sized developing Essay

What are the principle zones of hazard confronting a medium-sized creating lodging affiliation clarify what may impact its reaction to those dangers and what a hazard technique may incorporate - Essay Example Hazard is frequently observed as probability of an unwanted occasion. Under situation investigation, hazard is separated from danger. A danger is viewed as an occasion with extremely low likelihood however having genuine damages. Experts are regularly incapable to designate a likelihood to danger and for that there is no viable preventive measure is accessible. The main prudent step that can be taken to adapt up to a danger is to lessen the arrangement of clear dangers before continuing to an analysis, venture, activity or development. On the off chance that any of the previously mentioned factors lessens to zero, at that point the general ways to deal with hazard will be zero. For example, people are incredibly defenseless against the danger that outsiders may control their brains, which would have a serious impact. In any case, since we have never observed outsiders hence, we can say that they probably won't posture such measure of danger so the general hazard decreases to just about zero. Each kind of business has some degree of hazard. Many hazard unwilling individuals incline toward not to work together, since it incorporates a lot of hazard for example a business may work, and a business probably won't work. So there are 50/50 possibilities that one will be fruitful in particular business. Each business has certain dangers, some of which are predictable while others can't be anticipated and are subsequently wild dangers. Hazard is a significant part of little and medium measured business also. Some regular sorts of misfortunes in SMEs incorporate fire, robbery, flood, injury, legitimate risk, inability, and so on. Without a doubt, each business substance requires fiery hazard appraisal and the executives framework however Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs) need to put considerably more thoughtfulness regarding hazard the board since they might not have means and assets to control and oversee chances because of a few constraints and their shifting size. Be that as it may, this isn't the situation in huge worldwide companies since associations take extraordinary

Leadership is a critical management skill in various organizations

Authority is a basic administration expertise in different associations Presentation Initiative is as a basic administration expertise in different associations, which impacts and persuades a gathering toward the accomplishment of hierarchical objectives (Rafferty Griffin 2004). Perhaps the best resource of an association is that solid supervisors make a situation to support individuals and persuade their high vitality (Taggart, 1989). It is featured that authority is an impact connection among pioneers and adherents who plan genuine changes and results that mirror their mutual purposes. Successful administration has attracted incredible consideration from association the executives ongoing years because of its commitment to associations upper hand. Initiative is gotten especially on each director mind today in associations. Starts are battling because of the inexorably unique condition. As the difficulties of driving and overseeing increment, pioneers of associations need to get procedure, abilities and information to perform pioneer works successfully. The most significant explanation behind the situation of a pioneer is to make a gathering of individuals to convey alluring deals as unbeneficial deals is a pioneers greatest bad dream. Numeral reasons that can prompt unwanted deals incorporate serious economic situations, poor collaboration, procedures and choices from the group or that the item is excessively costly or not exceptional enough contrasted with other adversary items (Robbins, 2005). Albeit certain conditions are out of hand, for example, poor economic situations or a feeble group, others are conceivable to have authority over, for example, item restrictiveness or uncommon highlights and this is the place the activity of a competent pioneer comes in. Skilled pioneers are continually constrained in looking for arrangements that produce more outcomes yet outfitted with exhausting assets, for example, colleagues and spending plans. Notwithstanding, it doesn't require a lot, just another point of view to completely use every single individual from the group without workaholic behavior them or the financial plan. Receptive pioneers consistently have the high ground as new techniques and arrangements can be made to build deals. A portion of the issues that emerge are as per the following: Getting new customers Boosting benefits on promoting Powerlessness to consistently arrive at anticipated deals income Abbreviate long monotonous deal cycles Keeping up the exertion contribution of the business group Developing costs to help a profitable and effective group Decreased edges because of expanding requests to limit Supporting and extending decreasing significant records Rising powerlessness to precisely foresee deals income Inability and absence of information on the items in question Enlisting and continuing powerful workers Steady lessening of piece of the pie Rising client requests and diminishing buyer fulfillment Developing sum and forceful opponents and decreased deals contrasted with them Managing sales rep who have no appropriate methodologies in making sure about deals and poor time the board Justification of the universes economy Disposing of the rehashed event of diminished edges because of urgent endeavors of making deals towards the finish of a business quarter Rising measure of deals endeavors that go incomplete Getting the specific necessities and requirements from clients when buying items is continuously troublesome Finishing the entire procedure of purchasing and making sure about deals as quick as conceivable is progressively troublesome Having to continually help and rouse colleagues that have little energy, drive and consideration Sales rep that are putting an excessive amount of time and exertion into concocting proposition for potential clients that have no real enthusiasm for buying from them Steady criticism from clients that asserts our adversaries can perform quicker and less expensive it is more earnestly to make deals against that as it is evident Absence of the surest technique in offering items to drive towards higher deals No thoughts or systems to get deals back on course Regular daily practice of wasteful, costly and uneconomical deals strategies, for example, feeble direct showcasing and costly publicizing or item improvement In this task we will talk about around 2 pioneers from various foundations individually. The main chief is Indra Nooyi which is the CEO of Pepsi. The subsequent pioneer is Philip Green which is the CEO of Arcadia Group. The likenesses and contrasts of both the pioneers will be talked about further beneath. Indra Nooyi Before inspecting three parts of Indra Nooyis initiative, let us first survey her experience to get some thought of the individual and pioneer she is. Conceived and taught in India, she moved to America to read for her Masters certificate at Yale. Upon graduation, she found a new line of work at the Boston Consulting Group (BCG) and she credits quite a bit of her ensuing accomplishment on her encounters there. From that point, she worked in different organizations before joining PepsiCo in 1994. Her reputation there was noteworthy as she was instrumental in making moves that prompted long haul benefit for the organization, for example, moving endlessly from inexpensive food affiliations to securing drink organizations like Tropicana and Gatorade (Businessweek, 2008). Subsequently, she was made CEO of the organization in 2006, a record of sorts as she was the primary lady and the main Asian to hold the incredible post. From that point forward, she has directed the organization well wi th her authority reasoning of execution with reason. In a discourse at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 2006, Indra refered to the five Cs of her prosperity. They are competency, boldness and certainty, consistency, compass and instructing. In this report, we will look at how they are fused into three parts of her initiative as far as administration style, instructing and tutoring and persuading workers. Indras initiative style can best be portrayed as transformative (Seltzer and Bass, 1990). She isn't substance to keep up business as usual yet reclassifies the idea of CEO. The customary job of the CEO was much the same as a totalitarian ruler, where force was used in reformatory and domineering manners. Indra feels that that is antiquated and unacceptable for the 21st century (CNBC Business, 2008). The CEO must lead individuals, not rule over them. The pioneer should continually stay informed concerning changes in innovation and new turns of events so they can saddle them to accomplish upper hand. The work environment is getting progressively different as more ladies and minorities comprise the normal global enterprise. Segment changes at the working environment require an adjustment in the executives style and Indra knows about this. For instance, the new age is all the more mechanically smart and is less attached to the idea of lifetime work at one organization (Useem, 2008). Unde rstanding this gatherings mentality is pivotal in guaranteeing that the best and most splendid are enrolled and held. Likewise, the association can't work along mono-ethnic and mono-sex lines as there is expanding assorted variety. Assorted variety ought not be seen as an issue yet as an advantage for the organization since the organization can get the best of the best and a worker arrangement that is illustrative of the whole populace. No longer can the CEO bear to coordinate from their office, yet should go out and blend with the majority. This doesn't just mean cultivating better binds with workers however captivating with different partners also, As Indra calls attention to, a CEO now needs to manage corporate partners as well as with governments and NGOs as well. Therefore, the CEO must travel a great deal, particularly for a global company like Pepsi. That way, they can meet their different clients and colleagues to figure new and better corporate level systems. As a pioneer, Indra is amicable and receptive. She is enthusiastic and has a partiality to singing (Useem, 2008). However, she is no sucker as she is particularly in charge of her organization. As far as Indras initiative style, we may utilize one of the social hypotheses, in which we can pinpoint practices that set apart great and poor pioneers. Her administration style can be portrayed as fair, in the event that we utilize one of the University of Iowa Studies (Robbins and Coulter, 2005). Indra gets her workers engaged with the dynamic procedure and agents authority. She tunes in to all feelings, even from the individuals who may differ with her. Additionally, she empowers representative input which is utilized as an instructing strategy. From the University of Michigan Studies perspective, Indra is a case of a pioneer who shows thought. She has veritable regard and shared trust for her subordinates. Another fascinating part of her administration style can best be depicted as reconciliatory authority (Bass, 1985). When there was an opening for CEO, Indra and another official were in the running. Be that as it may, when Indra was chosen, she promptly tried to hold her recent opponent since she felt the other individual would be useful for the organization. Numerous CEOs gather a group of yes men and dispose all things considered and equals however Indra blossoms with building a group of opponents since she feels disagree and different sentiments are essential in building a flourishing association. Indra places incredible significance on instructing and coaching programs. These are a piece of the more extensive range of making a learning association. Preparing programs are figured to sustain future initiative ability for the organization and the organization has an exceptional methodology by looking for contribution from outside. Long lasting and functional learning are underscored too. Pepsi attempts to enable every representative to find their qualities and shortcomings with the goal that they can expand upon their qualities and lessen their shortcomings to make a progressively important commitment. Workers and officials are educated to think as long as possible and not center too barely around transient additions. This methodology has functioned admirably for Indra as it permits her to spot patterns and changes before contenders. Indras demeanor towards training and tutoring can be portrayed utilizing

7 Work From Home Jobs You NEED to Avoid

7 Work From Home Jobs You NEED to Avoid Everyone thinks telecommuting is the most ideal thing. The grass that is consistently greener. In any case, there are a couple of work from home employments that are more difficulty than they’re worth. You may think it’s justified, despite all the trouble to work in your night robe, having Cheez-Its for breakfast, however in any event in a couple of cases, you may not be right. Here are a couple of the most exceedingly terrible work from home occupations, in the event that you’re considering the vocation move.1. Evident ScamsIf a work from home occupation appears to be unrealistic, it likely is. Sadly, there are a great deal of tricks out there. Be watching out for gigs like â€Å"envelope stuffing,† â€Å"at-home assembly,† â€Å"claim processing,† or â€Å"refund recovery.† And don’t acknowledge any activity that approaches you for cash in advance. Keep your hidden data private until you’re sure an open door is legit.2. SalesSales is an entirely intense gig in any event, when you’re not telecommuting. This work is entirely serious. Simply think what number of your online networking buddies are continually selling some item or another. Would you truly like to be that individual who drives their loved ones insane with steady limited time blasts?3. In-Home Day CareUnless you truly love kids, this is regularly way less cash than it’s worth. You’ll have substantially less protection, and be presented to significantly more germs. What's more, you’ll presumably need to pursue up front installments from guardians (who will likewise anticipate that you should work when ordinary individuals are vacationing).4. Puzzle ShoppingIt sounds splendid, isn't that so? Get a free dinner, go out on the town to shop in disguise, all while making a touch of additional money. In any case, recollect that these assignments pay substantially less than even the lowest pay permitted by law and youà ¢â‚¬â„¢ll need to work a ton of them to bring in any cash at all.5. MLMDirect deals gigs sound truly encouraging out of the door. Work from home, boundless gaining potential, working for yourself, yet keep normal(ish) hours†¦ But you’ll be on the snare to offer to everybody constantly, and this can get depleting. It’s additionally exceptionally intense to do in a soaked market.6. Cold CallingThis work is in no way enjoyable, regardless of where you’re making your calls. Lead age is essential for a great deal of organizations, yet except if you have nerves and character of steel, it’s hopeless work calling uninterested gatherings and attempting to get them intrigued before they hang up on you in a huff.7. Pay-Per-TasksMindless work for money? Sounds sufficiently simple, correct? Simply recall that accessible errands can vacillate generally from season to season and frequently the rate is negligible pennies. You’ll be contending with abroad labo rers also, who have a lower expectation for everyday comforts and need less to live-and are hungrier to accomplish the work.

Economics of Human Capital Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Financial matters of Human Capital - Essay Example he support for this contention was that basically the measure of accessible land for creation was accepted to be restricted because of the way that land can't develop at a similar pace as capital and work, therefore, land gets deficient, and capital and work at long last become soaked and less productive and less gainful (Mauro and Fernandez 68). This exposition talks about the job of human capital in monetary development. By the by, these early development system took in a fourth variableâ€knowledge, or mechanical turn of events, that permitted accessible capital and work to produce more noteworthy yields on explicit measures of land. The rate and degree of change of this fourth factor was seen as exogenous to the frameworkâ€knowledge just developed continually without anyone else and not as a result of speculations or capital established inside the structure. In any case, assessments of the potential wellsprings of increments in national profitability after some time uncovered reliably this deficiently known and non-quantifiable variable- - innovative turn of events - involved a significant bit of in general financial improvement everywhere throughout the twentieth century (Qadri and Waheed 93). Clearly, market analysts didn't acknowledge the suspicion that information extended without assistance, and henceforth a few changes on this structure empower ‘labor’ contribution to grow b y expanding work hours and individuals, yet in addition by speculating that the work force’s human capital could, effectively, grow by methods for preparing and training. This model is very emotional, and, as indicated by various financial experts, hardly better than simply considering innovative advancement as a leftover variable that gives clarification of the bit of monetary advancement that can't be explained by development in physical or human capital (Becker(b) 57). During the 1980s, market analysts got intrigued with a demonstrating system alluded to as ‘New Growth Theory’, which saw the job of development in innovative and

Development of Collective Bargaining in the United States Research Paper

Advancement of Collective Bargaining in the United States - Research Paper Example Aggregate dealing strategies in the United States have assumed a significant job throughout the years. There were various endeavors that were made for the advancement of aggregate haggling by the method for development of different enactments and worker's organizations. For the improvement of aggregate haggling in the United States, there had been a great deal of contentions that were resolved to emerge between the businesses and the representatives. There were clashes identifying with the privileges of the representatives, the board and the associations in the associations. There were likewise clashes that were seen which represented expanding wages and pay rates that were requested by the representatives. During this clashing period, chiefs/bosses were given full option to excuse the laborers/representatives which was entirely questionable for the workers (Andrews, 1981). Aggregate haggling in the past was a significant wellspring of challenge for the US. It was to a greater degree a terrible circumstance when bosses and workers needed to adapt up to the act of this idea. Be that as it may, the workers appear to endure the most consistently in view of the rejection of aggregate bartering in the US associations (Mills, 1981). Be that as it may, with the progression of time, the US has had the option to embrace and practice aggregate haggling and follow advancement in the pay structures of the representatives. The American work arrangements have been figured according to the organization gauges. The overseeing laws of the US in the hierarchical setting have strived to stay up with development and keep up intensity with the associations of various nations. The overseeing standards of US are currently centering towards joining aggregate bartering at an unheard of level so as to improve the economy of the nation by an impressive degree. The nation is wanting to join aggregate haggling in various divisions that may incorporate training part and legislative organizations among others

Framing news on foreign countries - Free Essay Example

Framing news on foreign countries: Media Interests and Motivations. Analyzing 10 yrs of US and UK newspaper editorials on Venezuela. OUTLINE 1) INTRODUCTION 2) LITERATURE REVIEW   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   -On News Framing   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   3) RESEARCH QUESTIONS 4) VARIABLES- Dependent   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚     Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚     Ãƒâ€šÃ‚      Independent 5) RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS 6) METHODOLOGY   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   -Method   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   -Population   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   -Sample   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   -Time Period   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   -Coding Units   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   -Coding Procedure   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   -Framing Variables   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   -Coder Reliability   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   -Coding sheet 7) BIBLIOGRAPHY 1)INTRODUCTION Media organizations are essential in international affairs in terms of their important role in providing information to the public.[3] The question has often been whether the Media frames news in the context of the national interest of the host country, for example. Whether they reflect official position without challenging them or rather influence national interest objectives by putting pressure on politicians. The Mediaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s interest and other motivating factors are essential for understanding how editorials for instance are framed. Lacking in the study of Media framing is the application to bilateral relations. This study would attempt to add that dimension to the numerous researches on the Media in international affairs. It would analyze editorials by four prominent newspapers in the United States and the United Kingdom on issues concerning Venezuela. The aim is to find the likely motivating factors when it comes to framing news on foreign countries For many countries the media represents an important window to the international world. Patched knowledge on foreign issues would be close to a reality without a source of information about what happens elsewhere in the world, made available by the media. In democratic countries in particular, the reliance on the media for foreign news might be as important as the quest for local news. Images of foreign countries, issues and happenings in a particular country abroad are likely to be influenced by the media to a much larger scale when impressions are created of a healthy or strained bi-lateral relations, for instance. Due to factors such as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"cultural assumptionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"political beliefsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, it is believed that news carves out images and impressions of the world some of which are preferred over other images.[4] The media, both electronic and print are a major component of the democratic processes in several countries. The media has often been referred to, in many countries, as an important branch of the government with roles from functioning as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the main political informantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[7] There has been several publications on issues of Media and Government relations by several authors. For instance, in the scope of international relations and communications, there have been books published on the issue of how the media works in or out of line with foreign policy or the national interest. The debate has been whether or not the media is likely to support the national interest of the country in which it operates in relation to other countries(as the theory of Manufacturing Consent depicts)[9]. Either option makes foreign events relevant to the media. On the whole the media is believed to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"reflect social consensusà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[15] There may be variations in the nature of the Media depending on the region or country of operation. A media in a democratic country may be freer than those in a non-democratic country so news coverage, media culture and ethics could vary. In this study, a section of the Media in two democratic countries would be analyzed in terms of their positions on issues in a third country(Venezuela). What would be of interest to this study, as mention earlier, would be the factors that would be most highlighted in the accounts of these editorials. It may bring about issues of objectivity and latent Media interests or the interests of the consumers of the news content. In the US for example, the Media is often said to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"domesticate foreign newsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. The themes represented in news in the US are those which often have some relevance to American interests.[17] Thus, how the media frames news is largely important for understanding the positions they yield to and their respo nse to certain foreign events. In issues of national interest and in relation to bilateral relations, it would be important to know how the media in different countries frame news on events in countries abroad. 2) LITERATURE REVIEW NEWS FRAMING Entman, (1993) suggests that the concept of framing could be studied as a feature of a political discourse or as an instrument applied by the Media in making news.[19] And by extension, Media analysis or news analysis would deserve a look at the concept of news framing. Framing is, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the process by which a communication source constructs and defines a social or political issue for its audienceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?.[23] Framing theory is also applicable to Media analysis. Media frames as explained   by Entman (1991: 7), are à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"attributes of news itselfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[24] In a broad sense, frames   are regarded as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“persistent patterns of cognition, interpretation, and presentation, and as selection, emphasis, and exclusion, by which symbol handlers routinely organize discourse, whether verbal or visual.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?.[27] Tuchman showed how framing as a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"process theoryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ works. And that the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"routine proceduresà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ used by newsmakers, direct news frames in a particular way.   She argues that these procedures à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"continually help showcase certain places and ideas, while consistently closing off and blocking inquiry into othersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[29] Entman (1993: 52) helped refine the scope of the definition given to news framing. He established that by the definition of news frame, frames could be seen as a process that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"defines problems à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" determine what a causal agent is doing with what costs and benefits, usually measured in terms of common cultural values; diagnose causes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" identify the forces creating the problem; make moral judgments à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" evaluate causal agents and their effects; and suggest remedies à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" offer and justify treatments for the problems and predict their likely effectsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[30] Entman, (1991:7) also showed that frames used by the media are often captured à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"in the keywords, metaphors, concepts, symbols and visual images in news narrativesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. He stresses the point that one way is which news framing works is through repetition which is important for Media news framing because à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"news narrativesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, usually dependent on frames, are meant to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"direct attention to certain ideas, while excluding certain other ideasà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[33] It has also been established that Framing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"involves processes of inclusion and exclusion as well as emphasis.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[38] Framing also has the ability to make consumers of news accept and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"adopt some symbolic themes and valuesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[39] While the process of selectively and emphasis is carried out by the newsmakers, those for whom a particular news is meant, are also likely to be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"predisposed to understanding and interpreting information in a selective way.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Framing   has also been explained to be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the process of placing information into a context of preconscious symbolismà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. [43] The framing process employed by the Media is regarded as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"key to shaping both the publicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s and decision-makers knowledge, image and understanding of the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[49]. Perhaps a perfect definition of the concept of framing in relation to the print media is the fact that, a frame is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"a central organizing idea or story line that provides meaning to an unfolding strip of events, weaving a connection among them. The frame suggests what the controversy is about and the essence of the issueà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[53] One of the significant areas in relation to framing of news and Media positioning is Foreign Policy. Assessments of the response of the media to foreign issues is largely based on a critical analysis of how the media operates or how a particular section of the media churns out news or editorials, for example the position that major newspapers take on certain foreign issues. In a way how it sets the agenda for government or public reactions. Both agenda setting and framing have been identified in news framing literature as ways in which the media can influence policy making and public opinion.[57]   There has been some convergence on how framing analysis can be carried out, according to the literature. Two approaches of framing analysis has evolved over the years. The Inductive approach and the Deductive approach. The latter has been proven more scientific than the former. The Deductive approach organizes the framing analysis based on pre-outlined broader frames.[59] There has also been an attempt by some authors to group frames along certain distinctions. Frames could be grouped under à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"issue-specificà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ frames which deal with particular issues in detail and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"generic framesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ which cover broader themes found in different settings.[61] One issue raised by some authors on framing is how the Media treat sources. When elite sources to news are relied on by journalists for example, they may in a way be a channel for promoting the views and opinions of the political order or the elites to the larger audience[63] Most of the literature also agree that the location of a news story gives it much weight in terms of the perceived influence on the newspaperà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s readership and how important the issues are to them. It also demonstrates the importance the media attaches to that particular issue or event.[67] In all, Media scholars have studied Framing theory as either theories of Effects and   Process. By Framing as effects theory, media scholars have studied the influence that news frames have on   audiences while studies on framing as a process theory have addressed à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"how news content is created and modified in certain waysà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ considering the factors that influence the carving of news in a particular way. [68] . Although the framing of news is important to the coverage given to events and issues, there are other elements or factors that influence the framing of news in itself have to be identified.[72] This study would turn the spot light on the wide array of all the other factors that may help explain why news is framed in a particular way. As pointed out earlier, some literature on the Media have suggested that the sources that the Media relies go an extent to make the news themselves. In other words, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å" Organizations with more resources, or that have more credibility in the eyes of journalists, are more likely to become regular news sources, and thus shape which issues (agenda-setting) and which perspectives (frames) dominate the newsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[74] Some Media scholars are of the opinion that the ideal state of Media Objectivity is far fetched. Some are of the view that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"there is no fundamentally non-ideological, apolitical, non-partisan news gathering and reporting system. Since there may be dispute over objectivity and news without bias, the concept of framing becomes important to analyzing the frames used in making news.[77] While journalists may dispute these assertions, it is believed that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"news content is not an objective entity, independent of political, social, ideological or sociopsychological influencesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ than mere information.[80] As stated before, the Media often depicts the Governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s position in respect to interests and issues especially in relation to other countries. There has been the suggestion that   the Mediaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s position is based on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"national values, national interest and cultural valuesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ of their host countries.[82] The Media is likely to succumb to the views of governments because   the latterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s position on issues is seen as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“an overriding common good transcending the specific interests of parties, factions, and other entities smaller than the nation as a whole.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[84]   The problem with the concept of framing is that it à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"lacks clear conceptual definitions and a comprehensive statement to guide researchà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[85] Yet these challenges would make it important for more research into factors that influence news framing. The extent to which consumers of news à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"perceive foreign leadersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in either a positive or negative light is dependent on how framing is carried out.[86] The latter point might be important to understand how the reading-public of the four sampled newspapers are likely to perceive the leadership in Venezuela. Most of the research done on news framing have largely gone in the way of foreign policy research. A few have looked at news framing in relation to another country with a lengthy time range while Media response and framing on various issues are measured and analyzed. The study hopes to add to the already existing research on news framing in this regard. 3) Proposed Research Questions Research Question 1 :What is the tone of coverage on Venezuela in U.S. and U.K. editorials? Do the two groups of newspapers differ in tone? Research Question 2: Which frames dominated in the overall coverage and was there a significant difference between the two countries in terms of the frames used? Research Question 3: Which issues dominated the overall coverage country-wise? Research Question 3: Do positions on issues covered reflect National Interest of the two countries? Research Question 4: Do these editorials rely on government sources in arriving at opinions and conclusions? Research Question 5: Which issues are most prominent in all the coverage? Research Question 6: Do the editorials lean towards a kind of political or economic ideology? 4) VARIABLES The variables for this study would be the following 1 Independent -Tone of coverage and framing in UK editorials -Tone of coverage and framing in US editorials -Most highlighted issues 2 Dependent -The interests of the UK(economic, political, other) -The   interests of the US (economic, political, other) -The ideology of the paper 5) Proposed Research Hypothesis 1 There is no difference in tone between the two groups of newspapers. 2 The level of interest given to highlighted issues between the two groups of newspapers will be the same? 3 Positioning and framing of news will depend on the interests of the host nation of the newspapers. 4 Positioning and framing of news will depend on the ideology of the host nation of the newspapers. 5 UK newspaper editorials are likely to be less critical of Venezuela because of better bi-   lateral relations. 6 US newspaper editorials are likely to be more critical of Venezuela because of worse bi-lateral relations. 6) METHODOLOGY Method The study on these editorials would be carried out using quantitative content analysis to assess qualitative data published by the four newspapers. Content analysis is defined as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"a research technique that involves measuring a content( in this case, news frames) in a random sampling of some form of communication( in this case, editorials). The basic assumption implicit in content analysis is that an investigation of messages and communication will allow some insight into the people who receive these messagesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[87]. However the use of content analysis in this study would be to capture the frames used in the sampled editorials and what informs interests in issues and not what the consumers of such news perceive or how they react to these messages. One advantage of content analysis is that unlike other research methods where the researcher can easily influence the outcome of the research, it offers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"mediated communicationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ to be rather studied rather than the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"behavior of peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ which may be difficult to analyze. Additionally it provides numbers and figures which can be quantified to secure likely viable assessments.[88] Admittedly, the use content analysis technique also brings to the fore issues concerning the representativeness of the samples used, the adequate definition of issues, difficulties with measuring units to be analyzed and coder reliability issues.[89] A conversion of coded values into quantitative statistical data would be made after the content analysis. Population The population of this study would be all editorials on Venezuela within the ten year period by high circulating newspapers in the US and the UK. The assumption is that editorials from newspapers with a relatively high number of circulations, may have been read by a significant number of people or may have reached a wider audience or a politically responsive section of the public. The study would not be concerned with gauging public reactions but in the frames used themselves. Yet high circulation newspapers offer a good basis for selection in the sample. Sample The type of sampling used in selecting editorials is Criterion Sampling .Editorials which will make up the sample   are those with references made to the words VENEZUELA and HUGO CHAVEZ and political and economic issues related to these terms. A retrieval of the editorials from the search engine LEXIS-NEXIS   has already been carried out using the following terms: VENEZUELA, HUGO CHAVEZ and EDITORIAL for the US newspaper database. For the LEXIS NEXIS -UK database, editorials were retrieved using the search terms VENEZUELA, HUGO CHAVEZ and LEADING ARTICLE. Editorials not focusing on these issues or not focusing on issues of political relevance were dropped from the sample ,for example those focusing on say sports or those with the mere mention of these terms with no relation to relevant issues discussed. US Newspapers From an earlier assessment of the account of data on newspaper circulations by the Audit Bureau of Circulations in both the USA and the UK, the highest circulating newspaper over the 10 year period was USA TODAY with the most circulations for the said period. The WALL STREET JOURNAL (WSJ) came second with the most circulations over the period. The WSJ will however be discounted because of its orientation mostly to financial news and events. The research would be limited to newspapers which mostly deal with political news and also focuses on foreign political news in itsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ content or publications. With these criteria, the third major political newspapers which polled the third highest number of circulations over the 10 year period was the NEW YORK TIMES (NYT). Thus editorials from the USA TODAY and the NYT will be used in the content analysis. UK Newspapers The selection criteria for the two highest Circulating newspapers in the UK however differ slightly from the basis on which the newspapers from the US were selected. THE DAILY TELEGRAPH and THE TIMES newspapers would be used in this study. The two newspapers averagely rank 4th and 7th in terms of circulation data according to the Audit Bureau from January 2000 to 2009. The two newspapers which ranked as the two highest-circulating newspapers for the 10 year period in the UK were THE SUN and DAILY MAIL. The two come under the category of Tabloid Newspapers and are not considered serious political newspapers. The two will not be the focus of this study. The DAILY MIRROR, DAILY STAR, and the DAILY EXPRESS ranked 3rd, 5th and 6th respectively. This study will focus on those newspapers which come under those usually termed newspapers-of- record or those which practice à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"seriousà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ journalism. Of the newspapers under this category,THE GUARDIAN and THE TIMES had averagely, the highest number of circulations during the 10 year period discounting those newspapers which fall under the tabloid category. A percentage breakdown of the editorials from each newspaper is found below. The four newspapers had on average a significant circulation tally during the specified period namely from (January) 2000 to (December) 2009. NEWSPAPER TOTAL NUMBER OF EDITORIALS ON VENEZUELA  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   (Jan 2000- Dec 2009) NUMBER OF QUALIFIED   EDITORIALS PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL NUMBER OF   EDITORIALS USA TODAY NEW YORK TIMES 42 279    21    76 15% 54% DAILY TELEGRAPH THE TIMES 19 53    18   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   26 13% 18%   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   TOTAL:    141  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   = 100%  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   (USA=69.7%) (UK=30.3%) Why Venezuela? Venezuela offers a good to chance to study the politics behind the news. Various perceived interests are involved in relation to the US, UK and Venezuela. The controversies have been over the stifling of democracy and civil rights, the abuse of power by President Chavez, issues over the supply of oil and what it means for the two western countries to have the economy of Venezuela in a bad shape. These factors make Venezuela a good choice and would it possible to analyze Media positioning on these issues in response to a relevant third country while factoring in bi-lateral relations. Time Period The choice of long time duration will allow for significant content analysis to be done on the editorials. Since this research would also assess government statements and positions on the issues arising from Venezuela, the time period which saw the BUSH and BLAIR administration for most of the period would offer an opportunity to compare the US and UK government responses and attitudes towards Venezuelan issues with hopefully little variation in policy change. The reasoning is that an unchanged administration or party in power is likely to have the same attitudes or reactions to foreign issues from a particular country than when the administration changes over a period of time, barring any major shift in interests and policy towards Venezuela by either country during the time period. The study will take all these changes into account in the final analysis, including the editorial responses and positioning on these issues. Coding Units Editorials will be the focal point for the coding procedures. Editorials are a good basis for this study because they often represent the view or position of the newspaper. Op-Eds and editorials with Bylines (those written by individuals and credited with names) have been excluded from the sample. The focus was to look out for editorials which have been written by the editorial board of the various newspapers and would represent a justifiable opinion or position of the newspaper itself rather than the views of individual writers. Coding Procedure The source for the editorials is the academic search engine; LEXIS-NEXIS (which stores electronic copies of newspaper articles and editorials including those that this study would be focused on). Pre-testing 4 independent coders would be used to code each editorial article according to frames created from a Pre-test which has already been carried out on two other newspapers. A pretest on The Washington Post and The Guardian newspapers has been carried out to source for appropriate categories of frames to be used in the final coding of the 141 editorials. In addition, coders could add extra categories of frames to the basic list during coding to update the original codebook. 24 editorials from the Washington Post and 54 editorials from The Guardian newspapers were retrieved with the same search words as the main sample. They all fit the same criteria. 25% of each newspaperà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s editorial would be used in the Pre-test. The selection was done randomly. In all 19 editorials would be used for the Pre-test. Framing Variables Frames(meant for pre-test and to be modified). the problem frames, 1-the diagnostic frames( these coverage would identify a problem and assign a responsibility to someone or some other reason) 2-the prognostic frames.( here the study seeks to find an editorialà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s solution to particular problems) the presentation frames, 1-the issue frame ( coverage on issues such as economy, oil etc) 3-the image frame.( portraying leadership, attitudes, affiliation of subjects) General tone (is the editorial positive(supportive) or negative(condemnatory))? Coder Reliability An intercoder reliability would predict the amount of agreement or correspondence among the 4 coders. Intercoder Reliability is the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“extent to which the different judges tend to assign exactly the same rating to each object.[90] The Intercoder reliability would be checked for the Pre-test and the main test. The formula to be used is Holstià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (1969) formula. Coder agreement on each unit of analysis( i.e frames) would be calculated. Preliminary Coding Sheet for Newspaper Editorial Content Analysis(To be amended). Technical Data: Editorial Number= give in full Paper: 1= USA; 2= NY Times; 3= Daily Telegraph; 4=The Times Date: given in full Title of Editorial: given in full Page: page on which the editorial is written. Location( section of newspaper) 1= Editorials and Opinions; 2= Features; 3=Non Stated 99= other Length of words=   please indicate number Is a source cited?: 1= Yes; 2= No; 99= other Source cited: please indicate Country Mentioned in affiliation to venezuela: please indicate Country Location(continent): 1= Africa   2=Antarctia 3=Asia 4 =Australia 5= Europe 6=North America 7=South America Issues linked to country referred to: please indicate Themes in the News: Theme of the editorial: 1 =Concerns over Venezuelan crises impacting the   world 2 =Concerns over   Venezuelan crises impacting the US 3 =Concerns of economic and political life of Venezuelans being grim 4 =Concerns over oil supply and price hikes 5 =Championing support for Chavez and policies 6 =Denouncing Chavez 7 =A critique of white house intervention in Venezuelan matters 8 =Concerns over Venezuelan influence in Latin America 9 =Need to counter Chavez influence over other states 10 =That socialist economies are often a disaster 11 =Concerns over human rights abuse 12 =Concerns over Media abuse 13 =Need to have effective policies to deal with Venezuela 14 =Supporting regime change 15 =Denouncing regime change Secondary Themes: 1= Concerns over Venezuelan crises impacting the   world 2 =Concerns over   Venezuelan crises impacting the US 3 =Concerns of economic and political life of Venezuelans being grim 4 =Concerns over oil supply and price hikes 5 =Championing support for Chavez and policies 6 =Denouncing Chavez 7 =A critique of white house intervention in Venezuelan matters 8 =Concerns over Venezuelan influence in Latin America 9 =Need to counter Chavez influence over other states 10 =That socialist economies are often a disaster 11 =Concerns over human rights abuse 12 =Concerns over Media abuse 13 =Need to have effective policies to deal with Venezuela 14 =Supporting regime change 15 =Denouncing regime change Tertiary Themes: 1 =Concerns over Venezuelan crises impacting the   world 2 =Concerns over   Venezuelan crises impacting the US 3 =Concerns of economic and political life of Venezuelans being grim 4 =Concerns over oil supply and price hikes 5 =Championing support for Chavez and policies 6 =Denouncing Chavez 7 =A critique of white house intervention in Venezuelan matters 8 =Concerns over Venezuelan influence in Latin America 9 =Need to counter Chavez influence over other states 10 =That socialist economies are often a disaster 11 =Concerns over human rights abuse 12 =Concerns over Media abuse 13 =Need to have effective policies to deal with Venezuela 14 =Supporting regime change 15 =Denouncing regime change Other Themes?: Please state Orientation of Editorial:   1= event-oriented   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   2= issue-oriented Framing of the Editorial: (A) References To Sources Domestic Sources( in US or UK) : please indicate International Sources(in Venezuela) : please indicate Other Sources: please indicate How instrumental is the source to the story: 1=very central; 2= central; 3= moderately mentioned; 4=only gets a mention (B) Character of Commentary Evaluation of Commentary: 1= very laudable; 2= favorable; 3= neutral; 4= critical; 5= abrasive; 99= other Secondary Evaluation of Commentary: 1= crusading; 2= argumentative; 3= descriptive; 4= summary; 5= cynical; 6= à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"humorousà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢; 7= à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"warningà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢/ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"helpfulà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢; 8= à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"lyricalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢; Descriptive Characterization of President Chavez in editorials: As 1= authoritarian   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   2= socialist/leftist   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   3= populist   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   4= autocrat   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   5= strongman   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   6= bold   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   99= other ( please state) Characterization of other persons in editorials: please mention character and indicate descrption Main Discourse: Please state any significant words used: Location of word in editorial: 1= headline   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚      2= main body 7) BIBLIOGRAPHY Althaus, Scott L. 2003. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“When News Norms Collide, Follow the Lead: New Evidence for Press Independence.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? 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Source: Polity, Vol. 27, No. 2 (Winter, 1994), Shen, F. , 2003-05-27 The Effect of News Frames and Individual Schemas on Issue Interpretations and AttitudesPaper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, Marriott Hotel, San Diego, CA Online .PDF. 2009-05-26 from https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p112115_index.htmlpg 2 The Media and the Gulf War: Framing, Priming, and the Spiral of Silence Author(s): Barbara Allen, Paula OLoughlin, Amy Jasperson, John L. Sullivan Source: Polity, Vol. 27, No. 2 (Winter, 1994), THE ROLE OF MEDIA IN   DEMOCRACY:A STRATEGIC APPROACH. June 1999. 9(Technical Publication Series) pg 3- Center for Democracy and Governance Bureau for Global Programs, Field Support, and Research U.S. Agency for International Development Washington, D.C. Thomas E. Nelson, Rosalee A. Clawson and Zoe M. Oxley. Media Framing of a Civil Liberties Conflict and Its Effect on Tolerance.   American Political Science Association Tinsley, H.E.A., Weiss, D.J. (2000), Interrater reliability and agreement, in Tinsley, E.A., Brown, S.D. (Eds),Handbook of Applied Multivariate Statistics and Mathematical Modeling, Academic Press, San Diego, CA, Todd Gitlin, The Whole World is Watching (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980) p. 7.) In Occidental College,Los Angeles, CA Report released September 2009. Tuchman, G. (1978) Making the News. Pg ix. Cited in. Framing the NATO Air Strikes on Kosovo Across Countries: Comparison of Chinese and US Newspaper Coverage by Jin Yang Gazette THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR COMMUNICATION STUDIES 2003; 65; [1] THE ROLE OF MEDIA IN   DEMOCRACY:A STRATEGIC APPROACH. June 1999. 9(Technical Publication Series) pg 3- Center for Democracy and Governance Bureau for Global Programs, Field Support, and Research U.S. Agency for International Development Washington, D.C. American Political Science Association [3] Isaac A. Blankson, Patrick D. Murphy. Negotiating democracy: media tranformations in emerging democracies (2007) Pg 118 [4] CHIN-CHUAN LEE AND JUNGHYE YANG.Foreign news and national interest: Comparing U.S. and Japanese coverage of a Chinese student movement.pg 1. International Communication Gazette 1996; 56; 1.o make news, events [5] Jan A. Schevitz. The Fourth Branch of Government. An Analysis of the Initiative and Referendum Process and How the Internet Might Improve It. Senior Paper Law, Letters Society.pg 26 (May 2000) [6]CHIN-CHUAN LEE AND JUNGHYE YANG.Foreign news and national interest: Comparing U.S. and Japanese coverage of a Chinese student movement.pg 4. International Communication Gazette 1996; 56; 1, (The writers attribute this point to Entman (1989,p. 5) where he takes the Media à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"to task for failing to investigate nascent signs of policy blunders or ethical lapses among high officials.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢) [7] Althaus, Scott L.. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“When News Norms Collide, Follow the Lead: New Evidence for Press Independence.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (2003) Political Communication, 20: 382, [8] Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky. Manufacturing Consent. The political Economy of the Mass Media.(1988) The CNN effect: the myth of news, foreign policy and intervention.(2002) Introduction. Pg 1. [10] . CHIN-CHUAN LEE AND JUNGHYE YANG.Foreign news and national interest: Comparing U.S. and Japanese coverage of a Chinese student movement.pg 4. International Communication Gazette 1996; 56; 1 [11] Ibid pg 4 o make news, events [12] Ibid pg 2.   (The writers refer to studies done by Galtung and Ruge (1965)   who identified à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"factors that predispose foreign events to become news: such as elite nations, negative events, unexpectedness-within-predictability, and cultural proximity.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢) [13]Ibid pg 2. news, events [14] CHIN-CHUAN LEE AND JUNGHYE YANG.Foreign news and national interest: Comparing U.S. and Japanese coverage of a Chinese student movement.pg 14. International Communication Gazette 1996; 56; 1 [15] Claes H. de Vreese .News framing, theory and typology Pg 52. Information Design Journal -Document Design 13(1)   2005 John Benjamins Publishing company. ( The writer referred (Shoemaker Reese, 1996) that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Factors internal to journalism determine how journalists and news organizations frame issuesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ [16] Gans, H.J.Deciding Whats News. (1979) pg 37New York: Vintage Books. 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(1993) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Journal of Communication 43(4): 51à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"8. cited in Framing the NATO Air Strikes on Kosovo Across Countries: Comparison of Chinese and US Newspaper Coverage by Jin Yang Gazette 2003; 65;pg 231 [19] Framing the NATO Air Strikes on Kosovo Across Countries: Comparison of Chinese and US Newspaper Coverage by Jin Yang Gazette 2003; 65;pg 233 https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p254266_index.html. pg 1-2 [21] Dunwoody, S. (1992). The media and public perceptions of risk: How journalists frame risk stories . In Kirk Hallahan. Seven Models of Framing: Implications for Public Relations. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC RELATIONS RESEARCH, 11(3), pg   222(1999) [22]   Kinder, D. R., Sanders, L. M. (1990). Mimicking political debate with survey questions: The case of White opinion on affirmative action for blacks. Social Cognition, 8(1),p.74. In   Kirk Hallahan. 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Cited in Framing the NATO Air Strikes on Kosovo Across Countries: Comparison of Chinese and US Newspaper Coverage by Jin Yang Gazette 2003; 65;pg 238 https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p91337_index.html pg 2-3 https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p254266_index.html. pg 1 https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p91337_index.html pg 3 https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p91337_index.html . https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p91337_index.html pg 10 [33] Entman, Robert M. (1993) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Journal of   Communication 43(4): pg 53. In Framing of the 2003 Iraq War in Mainstream News Sites: A Comparative Study of Online News Coverage Among Five Permanent Member States of the United Nations Security Council (Abstract submitted to ICA) Na Zhang S. I. Newhouse School of Public Communications, Syracuse University October, 2003 pg 2 [34] Kirk Hallahan. Seven Models of Framing: Implications for Public Relations. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC RELATIONS RESEARCH, 11(3), pg   209 (1999) Pg 207 https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p112115_index.html pg7   https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p254266_index.html. pg 1 https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p91337_index.html pg 10 https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p254266_index.html. pg 1 [39] The Media and the Gulf War: Framing, Priming, and the Spiral of Silence Author(s): Barbara Allen, Paula OLoughlin, Amy Jasperson, John L. Sullivan Source: Polity, Vol. 27, No. 2 (Winter, 1994), pp. 266. [40] The Media and the Gulf War: Framing, Priming, and the Spiral of Silence Author(s): Barbara Allen, Paula OLoughlin, Amy Jasperson, John L. Sullivan Source: Polity, Vol. 27, No. 2 (Winter, 1994), pp. 266 [41] The Media and the Gulf War: Framing, Priming, and the Spiral of Silence Author(s): Barbara Allen, Paula OLoughlin, Amy Jasperson, John L. Sullivan Source: Polity, Vol. 27, No. 2 (Winter, 1994), pp. 266   Occidental College,Los Angeles, CA Report released September 2009 [43] Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky, Choices, Values, and Frames, American Psychologist, 39 (1984): 341-50; Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky, The Psychology of Preferences, Scientific American, 39 (1982): 136-42) In, The Media and the Gulf War: Framing, Priming, and the Spiral of Silence Author(s): Barbara Allen, Paula OLoughlin, Amy Jasperson, John L. Sullivan Source: Polity, Vol. 27, No. 2 (Winter, 1994), pp. 267 [44]   Evans, M. , 2008-03-26 The Effect of Media Framing on International Affairs: the Israeli-Palestinian ConflictPaper presented at the annual meeting of the ISAs 49th ANNUAL CONVENTION, BRIDGING MULTIPLE DIVIDES, Hilton San Francisco, SAN FRANCISCO, CA, USA Online APPLICATION/PDF. 2010-01-24 from https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p254266_index.html.Pg 2 [45] Tuchman, G. (1978) Making the News. Pg ix. Cited in. 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In Claes H. de Vreese .News framing, theory and typology Pg 53. Information Design Journal -Document Design 13(1)   2005 John Benjamins Publishing company [51] Entman, R. B. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43, 51à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"58. In Claes H. de Vreese .News framing, theory and typology Pg 53. Information Design Journal -Document Design 13(1)   2005 John Benjamins Publishing company Pg 53 [52] Claes H. de Vreese .News framing, theory and typology Pg 53. Information Design Journal -Document Design 13(1)   2005 John Benjamins Publishing company https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p112115_index.html pg Pg 4 Occidental College,Los Angeles, CA Report released September 2009 [55]   Barbara Allen, Paula OLoughlin, Amy Jasperson, John L. Sullivan The Media and the Gulf War: Framing, Priming, and the Spiral of Silence. Polity, Vol. 27, No. 2 (Winter, 1994), pp. 269. [56] DA Scheufele : Framing as a theory of media effects . The Journal of Communication .1999 vol 49(1) pg 104. Occidental College,Los Angeles, CA Report released September 2009. [58] Claes H. de Vreese .News framing, theory and typology Pg 53. Information Design Journal -Document Design 13(1)   2005 John Benjamins Publishing company.   [59] Entman, R. B. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43, 52. In Claes H. de Vreese .News framing, theory and typology Pg 54. Information Design Journal -Document Design 13(1)   2005 John Benjamins Publishing company.( A reference is made to Entman who suggested that frames in the news can be examined and identified by à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the presence or absence of certain keywords, stock phrases, stereotyped images, sources of information and sentences that provide thematically reinforcing clusters of facts or judgments.) [60] Claes H. de Vreese .News framing, theory and typology Pg 54. Information Design Journal -Document Design 13(1)   2005 John Benjamins Publishing company. [61] Shanto Iyengar, Is Anyone Responsible? How Television Frames Political Issues (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1991)pg 38. In Barbara Allen, Paula OLoughlin, Amy Jasperson, John L. Sullivan The Media and the Gulf War: Framing, Priming, and the Spiral of Silence. Source: Polity, Vol. 27, No. 2 (Winter, 1994), pp. 267 https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p112115_index.html pg 6 [63] Althaus, Scott L. 2003. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“When News Norms Collide, Follow the Lead: New Evidence for Press Independence.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Political Communication, 20: 384 https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p254266_index.html. pg 2 https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p91337_index.html   pg 10 [66] Pan, Z. and G.M. 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Newhouse School of Public Communications, Syracuse University October, 2003 Pg 2-3 https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p91337_index.html pg 4 https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p91337_index.html pg 4 https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p91337_index.html pg 5 [72] Framing the NATO Air Strikes on Kosovo Across Countries: Comparison of Chinese and US Newspaper Coverage by Jin Yang Gazette 2003; 65;pg 233 Occidental College,Los Angeles, CA Report released September 2009 Occidental College,Los Angeles, CA Report released September 2009 https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p91337_index.html pg 4 https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p91337_index.html pg 4 https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p91337_index.html pg 5 https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p91337_index.html pg 4 https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p91337_index.html pg 2 https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p91337_index.html pg 3-4 https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p91337_index.html pg 4 [82] Framing of the 2003 Iraq War in Mainstream News Sites: A Comparative Study of Online News Coverage Among Five Permanent Member States of the United Nations Security Council (Abstract submitted to ICA) Na Zhang S. 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